00. Focus On Europe, 05. Focus On Europe
[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ] FOCUS ON EUROPE Lesson 1 What is Europe? Bob Kelly (Lecturer in Social Sciences at the Open University): The first usage seems to be simple and that is geography. The idea of a stretch of land that covers from the Atlantic through to the Ural Mountains, that constitutes a geographical entity called Europe. The second use of the term Europe generally refers to a whole set of values, the system of values or beliefs, that are seen to characterize what Europe is all about, politically, socially, culturally. It focuses on things like Christendom, liberal democracy, the idea that everybody should have a say in the decision- making of government. The idea of the rule of law, that nobody is above the law and nobody should be punished without going through the due processes of law. We’re looking at a modern version of the project, that’s to create a peaceful Europe, a united Europe, a trading Europe, a successful economic entity of Europe. usage - użycie, usus językowy stretch of land - połać ziemi, szmat lądu entity - jednostka to refer to - odnosić się, dotyczyć set of values - przekonanie, wiara to focus - skupiać się, koncentrować, ogniskować Christendom - chrześcijaństwo liberal democracy - liberalna demokracja to have a say in sth - mieć głos/coś do powiedzenia w jakiejś sprawie decision-making - podejmowanie decyzji government - rząd the rule of law - praworządność, rządy prawa to be above the law - nowoczesny, współczesny project - projekt, plan, przedsięwzięcie to create - tworzyć peaceful - pokojowy united - zjednoczony to trade - handlować successful - odnoszący sukcesy, zakończony sukcesem, udany economic entity - jednostka gospodarcza belief - system wartości modern - stać ponad prawem objaśnienia: …that are seen to characterize what Europe is all about - które, jak się uważa, charakteryzują to, czym jest Europa …what Europe is all about - czym jest Europa, co mamy na myśli mówiąc Europa to go through the due processes of law – przejść przez wymagane instancje prawne a trading Europe – tu oznacza: europejskie partnerstwo handlowe uzupełnij zdania: 1. Europe is all (round, about, on) a common set of values and beliefs. 2. Nobody should be (around, above, over) the law. 3. A condition in which everybody, including the rulers, accepts the supreme authority of the law is called the (rule, ruler, ruling) of law. odpowiedzi: 1. about 2. above 3. rule Lesson 2 What is the European Union? Richard Heffernan (Lecturer in Government and Politics at the Open University): The European Union is a political organisation set up by member states over the last 50 years to secure economic individual and collective self-interest. I think we can see that Europe seeks to secure advantages for its member states through political cooperation and economic integration, building a common market, by cooperating with each other, and requiring member states to pool their sovereignty in the pursuit of these common interests that they share for their own interest but for their collective interest as well. member state - państwo członkowskie to secure - zapewnić, zdobyć, uzyskać, zabezpieczyć economic - ekonomiczny, gospodarczy individual - indywidualny collective - wspólny, zbiorowy self-interest - własny interes, własna korzyść to seek (to) - dążyć, zabiegać advantage - korzyść through - tu: poprzez, na drodze, za pomocą cooperation - współpraca integration - integracja to build - budować to set up - założyć, utworzyć common market - wspólny rynek to require - wymagać, potrzebować sovereignty - wspólnie zmobilizować, zebrać pursuit - pogoń za, dążenie do common - wspólny to share - dzielić (wspólnie) o n - łasny objaśnienia: The European Union – Unia Europejska over the last 50 years – w ciągu ostatnich 50-ciu lat in the pursuit of – w pogoni za, w dążeniu do zauważ: self-interest – własny interes own interest = self-interest common interest – wspólny interes collective interest – zbiorowy interes uzupełnij zdania: 1. The European Union was set (in, up, down) by its member states. 2. They cooperate with each other in the (purse, pursue, pursuit) of common interests. 3. They seek to (secure, secular, security) their collective self-interests. odpowiedzi: 1. up 2. pursuit 3. secure Lesson 3 Europe after the war Winston Churchill (British Prime Minister 1940-1945, 1951-1955): We cannot aim at anything less than the union of Europe as a whole, and we look forward with confidence to the day when that union will be achieved. Edward Heath (British Prime Minister 1970-1974): There was the Hague Conference, which the British Labour government was not present at, and the Europeans there decided to move towards much closer unity. And then in 1950 it was Jean Monet who brought forward the idea of the Coal and Steel Community. And so from that it all developed. Christopher Johnson (journalist): The European Coal and Steel Community was really an attempt by France, Germany, and the Benelux countries and Italy, to turn their back on the war and to say, “If we pool the two basic materials that every economy needs in war or in peace, namely coal and steel, then there can't be a war again”. to pool - suwerenność ar - ojna to aim - tu: dążyć/zmierzać do czegoś union - unia, związek to look forward to - wypatrywać, oczekiwać confidence - tu: ufność, nadzieja to achieve - osiągnąć Labour government - rząd laburzystowski, rząd Partii Pracy to move towards - pójść w kierunku unity - jedność to bring forward an idea - wystąpić z pomysłem, ideą attempt - próba to turn one’s back on sth - odwrócić się do czegoś plecami, odciąć się od czegoś to pool - wspólnie złączyć, zmobilizować basic - podstawowy economy - gospodarka peace - pokój coal - ęgiel steel - stal objaśnienia: The European Coal and Steel Community – Europejska Wspólnota Węgla i Stali (pierwsza integracyjna organizacja europejska, założona w roku 1951 przez 6 państw: Belgię, Holandię, Luksemburg, Francję, RFN i Włochy, weszła w życie w lipcu 1952 roku) And so from that it all developed – I to dało wszystkiemu początek uzupełnij zdania: 1. They looked (above, further, forward) with confidence to the day when that union would be achieved. 2. They decided to (twist, turn, bend) their back on the war. 3. They decided to (pool, pull, puddle) the two basic materials that every economy needs, namely coal and steel. odpowiedzi: 1. forward 2. turn 3. pool Lesson 4 The remaking of Europe Richard Heffernan (Lecturer in Government and Politics at the Open University): I think you have to see the emergence of the European Union as being a product of the remaking of Europe after 1945. I think, particularly continental hole - cały powers agreed that they were best suited to try to cooperate rather than conflict. And I think that the fear was that Europe should never ever again go to war, and that economic and political cooperation, in an institution organised internationally in a European arena, would be a good way of ensuring that that would not happen. Tony Benn (former Labour cabinet minister and Member of Parliament): Germany knew it could only rediscover its power through a political instrument that wasn't Germany. And therefore the European union provided a framework within which its own economic and industrial power could be recreated. France realised that it depended on Germany to have the industrial base for its diplomatic leadership. And the little countries did, of course, feel that they were best protected within a framework of the European Union. remaking - przekształcenie, przerobienie, tworzenie na nowo emergence - wyłonienie się to cooperate - potęga, mocarstwo to conflict - pozostawać w konflikcie fear - obawa, strach never ever - (emfatycznie) nigdy więcej to go to war - iść na wojnę cooperation - współpraca to ensure - zapewnić, upewnić się to rediscover - odnaleźć, odzyskać power - potęga to provide - dostarczać framework - struktura, ramy to recreate - odtworzyć to depend on - zależeć, być uzależnionym od czegoś industrial base - baza przemysłowa diplomatic leadership - przywództwo dyplomatyczne to be protected - być chronionym within a framework - w łonie/w ramach struktury objaśnienia: they were best suited to try to cooperate – najlepiej nadawały się do tego, żeby ze sobą współpracować would be a good way of ensuring that that would not happen – byłoby dobrym sposobem zapewnienia, że do tego nie dojdzie uzupełnij zdania: 1. The (merger, mergence, emergence) of the European Union was the product of the remaking of Europe after the Second World War. 2. The fear was that Europe should never (whatever, whenever, ever) go to war again. 3. The little countries felt that they were best protected within a (frame, framed, framework) of the European Union. power - współpracować
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