00-00 History of Russia, ●History of Russia

00-00 History of Russia

00-00 History of Russia, ●History of Russia

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A History of Russia:
From Peter the Great to Gorbachev
Part I
Professor Mark D. Steinberg
T
HE
T
EACHING
C
OMPANY
®
Mark D. Steinberg, Ph.D.
Professor of History, Director of the Russian and East European Center, University of Illinois
Mark Steinberg completed his undergraduate work at the University of California at Santa Cruz in 1978 and
received his Ph.D. in European history at the University of California at Berkeley in 1987. He taught Russian and
European history at the University of Oregon (1987), Harvard University (1987–1989), and Yale University (1989–
1996) before joining the faculty at the University of Illinois, at its main campus in Urbana-Champaign, in 1996.
Since 1998, Professor Steinberg has also been the Director of the Russian and East European Center at Illinois, an
interdisciplinary program designated by the Department of Education as a national resource center.
Professor Steinberg has received many awards for his teaching, including the Sarai Ribicoff Prize for Teaching at
Yale University (1993) and, at Illinois, the George and Gladys Queen Excellence in History Teaching Award (1998
and 2002) and the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching (2002).
For his work as a scholar, he has received numerous prestigious fellowships, including from the International
Research and Exchanges Board, the Social Science Research Council, the Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian
Studies of the Smithsonian Institution, the Illinois Program for Research in the Humanities, and the National
Endowment for the Humanities. In 2001, the University of Illinois gave him one of its highest honors and named
him a University Scholar.
Professor Steinberg has published many articles, delivered numerous papers at national and international
conferences, given public lectures throughout the country, and served on several national professional committees
and editorial boards. He specializes in the cultural, intellectual, and social history of Russia in the late nineteenth
and early twentieth centuries. His first book, published in 1992, was a study of the relations among employers,
managers, and workers in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, entitled
Moral Communities
. In 1994,
Professor Steinberg co-edited
Cultures in Flux
, an influential collection of essays on Russian lower-class cultures.
In 1995, he published, together with a Russian archivist,
The Fall of the Romanovs
, which examines the fate of the
tsar and his family during the revolution and includes translations of documents from then recently opened Russian
archives. In 2001, Professor Steinberg published
Voices of Revolution, 1917
, a study and collection of translated
documents exploring the revolution through contemporary letters and other writings by ordinary Russians. His most
recent book,
Proletarian Imagination
, published in 2002, explores poetry and other writings by lower-class
Russians in the years before and after 1917, focusing on ideas about self, modern times, and the sacred. He is
currently working on a collection of essays on religion in Russia, a revised textbook on Russian history, and a study
of St. Petersburg in the late 1800s and early 1900s.
Professor Steinberg is a native of San Francisco and is married to Jane Hedges, an editor and translator. Further
©2003 The Teaching Company Limited Partnership
i
Table of Contents
A History of Russia: from
Peter the Great to Gorbachev
Part I
Professor Biography
............................................................................................i
Course Scope
.......................................................................................................1
Lecture One
Understanding the Russian Past.................................2
Lecture Two
The Russia of Peter the Great’s Childhood ...............4
Lecture
Three
Peter the Great’s Revolution......................................7
Lecture Four
The Age of EmpressesCatherine the Great..........10
Lecture Five
Social RebellionThe Pugachev Uprising .............13
Lecture Six
Moral RebellionNikolai Novikov ........................16
Lecture Seven
Alexander IImagining Reform.............................19
Lecture Eight
The Decembrist Revolution .....................................22
Lecture Nine
Nicholas IOrthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationality .....25
Lecture Ten
Alexander Pushkin, Russia’s National Poet ............27
Lecture Eleven
The Birth of the Intelligentsia..................................30
Lecture Twelve
WesternizersVissarion Belinskii..........................33
Timeline
.............................................................................................................35
Glossary
.............................................................................................................39
Please refer to Part II for the biographical notes and Part III for the annotated bibliography.
ii
©2003 The Teaching Company Limited Partnership
A History of Russia: From
Peter the Great to Gorbachev
Scope:
After a discussion of background issues (geography, multi-ethnicity, the problem of backwardness,
Europeanization), the course begins with politics and culture on the eve of Peter the Great’s efforts to transform his
country, then looks at Peter and his reforms. Next, women’s rule in eighteenth-century Russia is examined, with a
particular focus on the reigns of Elizabeth (Peter the Great’s daughter) and Catherine the Great. Turning toward
society, two additional lectures on the eighteenth century follow: on the Pugachev uprising and the growing critique
of autocratic despotism by educated Russians, especially the publisher and writer Nikolai Novikov. Lecture Seven
begins the nineteenth century by returning to a focus on the state and the monarch: Paul I and especially Alexander
I, who seriously discussed possible reform. We also look at the Decembrist rebellion, in which educated nobles took
arms against the state to bring about social and political reform. Next, we consider Nicholas I and the ideas about
power and order that inspired the Russian state at that time. Returning the gaze to society, the course then offers
lectures on different intellectuals’ visions of change: the “national poet” Alexander Pushkin (whom we consider
also for what his image as a symbol of the Russian nation tells us) and the full-fledged emergence of the
“intelligentsia” in the 1830s and 1840s. Particular attention is paid to their ideas about Russia, the West, and the
meanings of freedom.
Lecture Thirteen begins the history of the Great Reforms under Alexander II, which sought to create a modern
society in Russia though dramatic reform. We then examine dissident trends and the individuals associated with
them: nihilism (including terrorism), populism, Marxism (including the emergence of Bolshevism). For a different
voice, we look at the famous writer Lev Tolstoy, especially his life and his arguments about morality and
conscience. Returning our gaze to official Russia, we highlight the lives, personalities, and outlooks of the last two
tsars, Alexander III and his son Nicholas II. We then consider a decisive event in the reign of Nicholas: the strikes,
demonstrations, and public demands that the tsarist government accept civil rights and democratic rule in Russia in
1905. To see Russia’s changes in larger perspective, we look at peasant life and culture in the late 1800s and early
1900s, life in the changing cities (especially for workers and the middle class) from the industrialization drive of the
1890s to the eve of World War I, and at aspects of what might be called
fin-de-siècle
culture: decadence in everyday
life and in the arts, cultural iconoclasm, and the religious renaissance.
Lecture Twenty-Five examines the Russian experience in World War I and the coming of revolution. It is followed
with an examination of the Russian experience in the key months from the fall of the tsarist government in February
to the coming to power of the Bolsheviks in October, then by a lecture on the Bolsheviks during their first year in
power. The story of the Civil War comes next, followed by a discussion of the debates in the 1920s in the Soviet
Union over how to overcome Russia’s backwardness and build socialism. Next, we look at Joseph Stalin’s
biography and political personality, the era of radical industrialization and social transformation that he launched at
the end of the 1920s, and the contradictory political, social, and cultural life of the 1930s (including the Great
Terror). We turn then to the Soviet experience in World War II and to politics and the experiences of Soviet people
during the decades after the war and before Gorbachev’s reforms. Continuing the theme of exploring dissent, we
look at some of the various forms of alienation from, and resistance to, the Soviet system during the years before
Gorbachev came to power (both everyday forms and open dissidence). Finally, we look at Mikhail Gorbachev’s
recognition of the many problems of the system and his efforts to make Communism work though a policy of
reform. The final lecture concludes with a consideration of the situation left in the wake of the collapse of
Communism.
©2002 The Teaching Company Limited Partnership
1
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